Wastewater ( ) Rehabilitation ( ) Private Sector ( )

Municipal Solid Waste (X) Expansion ( ) Public/Private Partnership ( )

Other ( ) New Facility ( )

This document was prepared by ETEISA de C.V. as part of the tasks for the development of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Master Plan for Matamoros, included in the Technical Assistance provided by the BECC to the municipality.

The document integrates all elements of the "Project Certification Criteria" document published in November, 1996, and meets all requirements established in such guidelines.

At the present time the city of Matamoros, located within the United States-Mexico border area, is home to 348,186 residents who generate 145,558 tons of waste each year. The Urban Sanitation utility has deficient solid waste operations and management.

Existing collection equipment and infrastructures are deficient, and their condition is inappropriate for operation. Installed capacity provides a 68% coverage rate. Private companies that charge a fee for their services collect 27% of waste, and it has been estimated that 5% of all waste remains at streets and vacant lots.

In addition to insufficient equipment, processes are deficient due to the lack of comprehensive solid waste management planning. The organizational framework employed for current processes exhibits major gaps (lack of operation manuals, organization, control systems, regulations, etc.) that result in operating problems that in turn make the existing structure perform even more deficiently.

Disposal of waste is done at two open dump sites authorized by the city, which lack appropriate controls to mitigate negative impacts to the environment, cause serious health problems and pose risks of polluting the soil and ground water supply, in addition to negative impacts on the landscape.

The 33 ha. municipal dumpsite has operated as such for more than 15 years. It is located 9 km south of Matamoros.

The second dumpsite is a topographic depression located in the southeastern part of the city, next to Colonia Cavazos Lerma. The 1 ha. depression is known as Pozo Abelardo de la Torre, and presents the same sanitary conditions as the main dumpsite, in addition to permanent flooding at its lowest section.

There are also 13 illegal dumpsites that carretoneros [garbage haulers] use to dispose of the waste they collect.

In 1997, the city started the construction of a sanitary landfill located 9 km south of the city. The works developed so far include peripheric fencing of an 8 ha tract of land, construction of a 2.15 ha cell, a 1600 m² leachate pit, and a 4 m² inspection booth. These projects were built using federal grants.

At this time Matamoros faces the following problems related with inadequate solid waste management:

1. Proliferation of illegal dump sites.
2. Air pollution caused by indiscriminate garbage burning at the municipal dumpsite, which has generated serious operation problems for the "Servando Canales" International Airport.
3. Generation and propagation of odors resulting from the degradation of organic material exposed to the environment.
4. Generation of gases (biogas) with characteristics that can negatively affect the health of dumpsite workers and residents of adjacent colonias.
5. Potential contamination of surface and ground water due to shallow water table levels.
6. Dispersion of waste into areas adjacent to the dump site, affecting the aesthetics of the area.
7. Margination of scavengers who separate by-products inside the dump (pepenadores).
8. Spread of gastrointestinal diseases caused by vectors originated at existing disposal sites.

In 1983, Mexico and the United States signed the La Paz Agreement, wherein both countries committed to cooperate for the protection, enhancement and conservation of the border area environment. The border was defined as the area that covers 100 km to both sides of the land and sea boundary that divides the two countries.

Furthermore, under La Paz Agreement guidelines, in 1990 the presidents of Mexico and the U.S. agreed to develop a Comprehensive Border Environmental Plan to incorporate institutional and high society participation formulas to ensure the enforcement of environmental protection measures.

Other similar agreements on environmental issues were established under the Border XXI Program and the Free Trade Agreement signed by Mexico, the United States and Canada.

The Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) and the North American Development Bank were created to meet the above commitments and respond to water supply, wastewater treatment, and municipal solid waste management problems found at the U.S.-Mexico border.

On March 7, 1996, the Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de Matamoros presented the Border Environment Cooperation Commission some alternatives to solve the solid waste management problem at this locality. Although the proposal was adequate, the Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles was not the most appropriate sponsor to request BECC certification for the project, and as such, the first application did not move forward.

However, since that first approach, municipal authorities, aware of the serious problem posed by the management of solid waste, contacted BECC officials and exchanged a series of analysis that concluded on November 30, 1996 with a formal petition submitted by city officials in the Step I-Preliminary Presentation form to apply for Technical Assistance to further define the Comprehensive Project proposed.

The request was analyzed and accepted by the BECC Committee, and several companies were invited to submit technical and economic proposals for the development of a Comprehensive Master Plan. The plan’s objective was to establish, according to a comprehensive diagnosis, strategies and action plans to increase the efficiency of solid waste management processes. In addition, the plan was intended for the development of the Sanitary Landfill’s final design, since this was considered as the only viable solution to solve solid waste final disposal problems.

The Master Plan was under development from October 1997 to May 1998, and was submitted to municipal authorities, the Mexican Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL), BECC and NADB on July 10, 1998.

The document herein is based on the Master Plan and the new Sanitary Landfill’s Final Design.

In light of the above problems, the proposed project will attempt to use a comprehensive approach not only to provide the city with infrastructure and equipment required to increase the efficiency of its processes, but also to focus on institutional development to ensure a permanent efficiency increase.

The project proposes restructuring the waste collection system’s organization through the creation of a utility decentralized from the city. The utility must operate within a scheme that encourages community participation for decision-making processes by including a Citizen’s Committee, and bases its operation on a specific mission statement that defines and disseminates policies, objectives and goals throughout all levels of the new organization.

The new utility must have all organizational, managerial and operating manuals required, as well as control and information systems that enable the organization to plan actions and correct deviations from the proposed plans.

Action plans have been proposed to ensure the utility’s sustainable development and increase social participation. Also, the new legal framework for local solid waste management (Sanitation Regulations and Revenue Laws) establishes obligations and responsibilities of the different players involved in the process (Attachment 1, Proposed Sanitation Regulations).

In addition, the project includes a $12,477,000 pesos investment to purchase equipment needed to increase the efficiency of collection and final disposal processes, for the first stage. A detailed description of these is included in Chapter 3 of this document. Furthermore, the project includes the construction of a $5,717,500 pesos Sanitary Landfill in accordance with applicable environmental regulations (NOM-083-ECOL-96, Attachment 1).

User fees need to be charged to ensure a healthy and sustainable project development. Proposed fees are differential and based on the analysis of current operating and management costs, as well as debt service and amortization of assets needed to complete the project. The assumption is that a municipal transition fund will be used during the project’s first 7 years, but will be reduced by 15% annually.

The proposed fee structure has been financially evaluated using a 12% discount rate and shows a 16.5% IRR and a $2,617,698 pesos NPV for the planning period.

This project will benefit 363,239 current Matamoros residents. The annual projected population growth rate is 2.5%, therefore, it has been estimated that the project will benefit more than 500,000 residents by the end of the planning period.

The above goals will be met through a phased strategic plan for the short, mid and long term.

• Purchase 4 collection vehicles, with a recommended 15m³ capacity.
• Rehabilitate 3 existing units.
• Purchase container lift trucks and two vehicles to wash containers.
• Purchase 11 size-12 metal containers with capacity for 2.7 m³
• Rehabilitate 8 containers to be used for two more years.
• Construction of landfill supplementary works (administrative offices, scale booth, rainwater diversion works, etc.) and the first landfill cell with a 1.6 years life cycle.

Table 1.1 shows investments required for satisfactory performance of the proposed structures.

• Three 8-hour operating shifts will be maintained.
• Each dispatched vehicle will make one trip per shift.
• Existing containers will be appropriately redistributed and located to provide service to colonias.
• Service will be provided by using 43 routes distributed along three shifts.
• In average, 18 vehicles with three employees each will be used at each shift.
• The utility expects to increase service coverage by 32%. This will result in 100% coverage for residential customers.
• Four routes for collection of containers in three shifts were designed.
• Within this period, the Public Sanitation General Directorate (DGLP) must implement a preventive and corrective maintenance program for all available infrastructures.
• Training courses at least once a year for operating personnel have been proposed for the following areas:

• By the end of the planning period, a total of 16 collection vehicles will be purchased, and 17 will be retired.
• Collection units will increase from 19 at the beginning of 1999 to 20 by the year 2001. This represents 11% more installed capacity, compared with the previous period.
• By the year 2000, the existing lift trucks will be retired, and a new unit will have to be purchased. Two vehicles and two container washers will be maintained during the planning period.
• 10 containers will be purchased. 8 containers will be retired. At the end, there will be 81 containers in service.
• The training program will continue, although less frequently than the previous phase. New components will be added:

• Individuals responsible for vehicle maintenance will receive refresher and training courses as often as operating personnel.
• Mechanical equipment and containers will receive preventive and corrective maintenance.
• The second landfill cell will be built.

Service coverage will continue at 100%. Considering the projected population increase, the following actions will have to be taken during this period:

• The number of collection vehicles will increase from 20 –at the end of the previous period— to 26. A 30% increase (see Table 1.1)
• 2 lift trucks will be replaced
• Containers:

• Training courses for DGLP personnel, including mechanics, will continue
• Preventive and corrective maintenance will continue to be implemented
• The third and fourth landfill cells will be built.

This phase covers the last six years of the planning period. Strategies implemented in previous phases must be continued to guarantee that service is provided to residential and special sources, and the downtown area.

• 32 collection units will be purchased and 26 units will be retired.
• Two lift trucks and 2 container washers will be purchased
• 79 containers will be purchased; 73 containers will be retired. This is a 6% increase compared to the end of the previous period
• The fifth landfill cell will be built
• Continue with:

Tasks proposed for the Sanitary Landfill Final Project are included in the Schedule of Events for the construction and operation of the Matamoros Sanitary Landfill (Chapter 3 of this document).

The project will provide an opportunity to solve pollution and health problems that affect not only Matamoros but also Brownsville, Texas. Some of the most outstanding problems are: air pollution due to constant fires generated at existing landfills, pollution of surface and ground water (by leachates) that supply various economic activities, elimination of harmful fauna such as flies, mosquitoes, rats, cockroaches, and other pests that are harmful for public health and produce diseases such as typhoid fever, salmonellosis, infants’ diarrhea, dengue, dysentery, and others. (Attachment 2: Identification of Environmental Impacts).

The corresponding environmental assessment (Attachment 2) shows that the project’s effects are mostly positive, because it will prevent the proliferation of illegal dumpsites and therefore, the generation of harmful fauna, potential transmission of diseases, and air, water and soil pollution, in addition to improving the aesthetics of the place.

The project considered applicable regulations (NOM-083-ECOL-1996) for the selection of final disposal sites for municipal solid waste.

The main technical elements considered were as follows:

• Distance from waste source areas.
• Land property
• Site’s area and life cycle
• Topography
• Surface water and groundwater
• Soil
• Geology
• Material banks for backfilling
• Vegetation and wildlife
• Access to site
• Use of land
• Climate

It must be noted that at the present time, sanitary landfills may be built and operated on sites that do not comply with 100% of the requirements established by current regulations. However, under such circumstances, engineering measures must be taken to ensure that the environment is not negatively impacted, or if impacts exist, that these are minimal. Clearly, the cost of these actions elevates the sites’ construction and operating costs.

In the case of the site selected for the sanitary landfill, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Minimum distance from airports: 3000 m when turbine engine planes are used; 1500 m when piston engine planes are used. The "Servando Canales" International Airport is located 1.5 km from the projected sanitary landfill. The main problem associated with locating solid waste management facilities close to an airport is the presence of birds attracted by solid waste.

The project proposes controlling this factor with the use of noise-generating devices.

2. Respect the right of way for highways, railroads, main roads or farm-to-market roads. Not applicable. No roads exist within or close to the project’s influence area.
3. Disposal sites must not be located within protected natural areas. The project is not located within any protected natural area.
4. Respect right of ways of federal public projects, such as oil, gas and other pipe lines, electric power towers, aqueducts, etc. No projects of this nature are located within the area.
5. It must be at least 1500 m (fifteen hundred meters) away from the limits of the urban area that will be served, as well as from rural communities with up to 2500 residents. If this restriction will not be complied with, proof of no impacts to such communities must be submitted. The closest town is located more than 2 km away from the selected site.
6. Municipal solid waste final disposal sites for communities of up to 50,000 residents, or those that receive 30 tons of waste per day, must be located considering only the specifications contained in the Geological Aspects and Hydrogeological Aspects sections of the Official Mexican Norm. The project has been designed to service a larger population, and has a 350 tons/day capacity. As such, all basic studies required have been considered.
7. The site must be located outside of 100-year flood areas. If this condition will not be met, it must be proved that obstructions of the flow in the flood area, or the possibility of mudslides or erosion that can cause solid waste to be washed out will not exist. An artificial drain that conveys water runs 100 m away from one of the sides of the facility.
8. Municipal solid waste final disposal sites must not be located in swamps, tidelands, or similar areas. The selected site is located outside these types of areas.
9. The distance between the site and surface water bodies with continuous volume of flow must be at least 1000 m (one thousand meters). The site must have a buffer zone able to retain the peak volume of rainfall occurred within the last 10 years in the basin, defined by the area’s peripheral canals. The project’s design has peripheral canals to collect and appropriately convey natural runoff from outside the project area. Additionally, the closest water body, the "La Palangana" lagoon, is located 1 km away in a straight line.
10. It must be at least 60 m (sixty meters) away from active faults with displacements within the last one million years. No active faults are located within the region.
11. It must be located outside areas where slopes are unstable, i.e. where they can produce ground or rock movements due to static and dynamic processes. The area’s topography is relatively flat. As such, no slopes that might generate risks related to mass movements exist.
12. Avoid areas where differential settlements exist or may be generated, causing ground faults or fractures, increasing thus the risk of polluting the aquifer. No sign of such settlements exists. No record of the existence of the above phenomena exists.
13. If the municipal solid waste final disposal site is located over fractured formations, ensure that there is no natural connection with aquifers, and that the infiltration transit factor (f) is <3x10^-10 s^-1. The selected site is not located over fractured materials.
14. If the municipal solid waste final disposal site is located over granular materials, ensure that the infiltration transit factor (f) is <3x10^-10 s^-1. The type of soil in the area is composed of waterproof clay. Its estimated infiltration transit factor (f) is: 2x10 ^-8/s.< to allowance.
15. The minimum distance from the site to operating and abandoned water wells for household, industrial, irrigation and cattleraising purposes, must be a horizontal projection distance of at least 100 m (one hundred meters) from the largest circumference of the cone of depression. Whenever the resulting distance is less than 500 m (five hundred meters), the latter will be the distance that must be observed. The area does not have any wells for drinking water extraction or other similar purposes. Water demands are met by using Rio Grande water.
16. When potential contamination of surface and groundwater bodies exists, engineering solutions must be implemented. Although the nature of the soil allows for the construction of the sanitary landfill, water tables are shallow –1.5 to 2 meters--. As such, the base will have to be waterproofed with synthetic materials.

An Environmental Impact Statement has been submitted to Tamaulipas’ Secretaria de Ecología officials and their autorization was issued on October 17, 1998. In addition, the final design has been reviewed by SEDESOL’s Solid Waste Department, and the corresponding technical opinion has been issued by this agency.

Matamoros currently generates 385 tons of municipal waste per day. Of these, 50% is residential waste and the rest is generated at businesses and industries (see Figure 3.1).

The city collects 202 tons of the total amount of waste generated each day. Of these, 130 tons are residential wastes, while 72 tons are from other sources. Additionally, carretoneros and others collect 164 tons/day, while 19 tons remain at public streets and vacant lots (see Figure 3.2).

• Collectors are unaware of which areas must be covered by each route
• Different collection vehicles converge in the same route
• Rotation of drivers and partners
• Trucks fill up before completing their route
• Trucks frequently get stalled in damaged roadways
• Work schedule differs from areas to be covered
• Trucks divert and lose time selling by-products

DGLP has 25 collection trucks that are 12 years old each in average. Of these, only 15 can be used at the present time, since the rest of the fleet is in bad conditions (December, 1997; see Figure 3.3.).

Due to problems associated with collection, trucks are used at 59% of their installed capacity in average. This significantly decreases service efficiency and increases operating costs (see Figure 3.4).

Final disposal of waste is done at two sites authorized by the city. Disposal is at open dumpsites and lacks the necessary controls to prevent environmental and public health impacts. In 1997, the city initiated the construction of a landfill to dispose of waste generated in a sanitary fashion.

The 33 ha. municipal dumpsite has operated as such for over 15 years. It is located 9 km south of Matamoros.

The second dumpsite is a topographic depression located southeast of the city, next to Colonia Cavazos Lerma. This 1-hectare depression is known as Pozo Abelardo de la Torre, and presents the same sanitary conditions as the main dumpsite, in addition to permanent flooding at its lowest part.

There are also 13 illegal dumpsites that carretoneros use to dispose of the waste the collect.

At this time Matamoros faces the following problems related with inadequate solid waste management:

1. Proliferation of illegal dump sites.
2. Air pollution caused by indiscriminate garbage burning at the municipal dumpsite, which has generated serious operation problems for the "Servando Canales" International Airport.
3. Generation and propagation of odors resulting from the degradation of organic material exposed to the environment.
4. Generation of gases (biogas) with characteristics that can negatively affect the health of dumpsite workers and residents of adjacent colonias.
5. Potential contamination of surface and ground water due to shallow water table levels.
6. Dispersion of waste into areas adjacent to the dumpsite, affecting the aesthetics of the area.
7. Margination of scavengers who separate by-products inside the dump (pepenadores).
8. Spread of gastrointestinal diseases caused by vectors originated at existing disposal sites.

Two alternatives were evaluated to address the solid waste management problem. The first alternative considers an initial investment to purchase the equipment needed to address current collection needs. The second option proposes gradually replacing equipment during the first five years of operation. As such, coverage level would increase with time.

Both options suggest storage, collection, and sweeping methods that improve current operating conditions by optimizing the use of existing infrastructure and implementing micro and macro-routing methods. Additionally, both alternatives consider building a sanitary landfill and purchasing equipment. The corresponding investment figures are reflected in the financial evaluation model.

The project proposes to continue using 200-liter drums currently positioned at public places and markets. It has been determined that their capacity is sufficient to address waste collection demands from Monday to Friday. However, on weekends and/or holidays, mobile containers will be assigned to collect excess waste generated by visitors.

For the Treviño Zapata Market the project intends to continue using ten existing 200-liter drums. Larger containers cannot be installed in the market because of space limitations. In addition, the place does not permit collection truck access.

For this market, it has been estimated that the maximum amount of waste in 15 years will be 270.5 kg/day. The current storage system can address future demands with its 554 kg/day capacity. Collection frequency will be 7/7 (seven days per week) to ensure quality of the collection service.

The Barrientos Market has two 2.7 m³ containers. This storage capacity meets current (274 kg/day) and future (430 kg/day) demands. Collection frequency will continue at 7/7.

The Mercado de Artesanías (Arts and Crafts Market) will continue using five 200-liter drums to meet current and future demands. Collection will be done twice per day, Monday through Sunday, because the market is located in the downtown area.

In all cases, drum and container clean up and maintenance actions will be a basic requirement for the provision of collection services. This will be the basis for a good use and users’ acceptance. As such, personnel training courses and a strict supervision and control system have been considered.

Sweeping, collection, treatment and final disposal processes were divided in four phases along the project’s planning period, as shown below.

The proposed method seeks to increase coverage, going from the present 66 km/day to 120 km/day by the end of the planning period. In addition, the project proposes the implementation of mechanical sweeping to cover 80 km/day in main streets and avenues.

The above will result in a total 444% service increase during the project’s planning period, compared to the current situation. For this purpose, 40% of all sweeping activities will have to be technology-based.

Sweeping actions to be implemented along the project’s phases are as follows:

Continue using morning and afternoon shifts to provide manual sweeping services, and consider mechanical sweeping during the night shift. At this time, 72 sweepers (employees) and 3 machine operators are available.

The following summarizes the goal proposed for the immediate future:

• Repair and use the city’s available sweeping machines.
• Purchase 12 carts, which represents a total 20% increase with respect to the existing 60 carts.
• Cover 180 km/day with manual sweeping. In addition, achieve a 1.5 km per sweeper efficiency rate.
• Use the three sweeping machines to cover 80 km/day.

To achieve the above goals, the following actions are proposed for this phase:

Develop a Routing Study and provide employees training courses to make them aware of the importance of providing a good quality service, and;

Develop a Times & Movements study to promote the elimination of work defects.

A $500,000 pesos investment has been considered for the development of studies and training courses, in addition to $52,500 pesos to purchase garbage carts. This phase includes preventive maintenance programs for carts and sweeping machines.

The same operating shifts will continue during this phase to maintain efficiency rates achieved at the Immediate Future phase (1.5 km/shift/sweeper and 23 km/shift/sweeping machine). Within this framework, the following modifications and goals are proposed for this period:

• Within this period, 13 carts will be purchased to substitute existing carts and increase installed capacity to 73 carts.
• Hire 1 sweeper to address the increased number of carts.
• Replace sweeping machines in the second and third years to eliminate existing machines that have concluded their life cycle.
• By the end of the period, 176 km/shift/day will be covered.

Within this period the project will consolidate personnel training courses, Routing Studies, and Times & Movements studies. These will be offered at least three times each year to maintain service efficiency.

A total of $800,000 pesos will be invested during this period to develop studies and train personnel. In addition, $48,500 pesos will be invested in equipment. As with training, preventive maintenance programs will be consolidated during this phase.

This phase will continue with the same operating shifts to maintain efficiency rates achieved during the Immediate Future phase (1.5 km/shift/sweeper and 23 km/shift/sweeping machine). Within this framework, the following modifications and goals are proposed for this period:

• At this phase, 76 carts will be purchased to substitute existing carts and increase installed capacity from 73 to 76.
• Hire 3 sweepers to address the increased number of carts.
• Replace 1 sweeping machine by the next-to-last year of the period.
• By the end of this phase, 176 km/shift/day will be covered.

Personnel training courses, Routing Studies, and Times & Movements studies will be offered at least once per year to maintain service efficiency.

$1.6 million pesos will be invested in studies and personnel training during this period. A total of $2.3 million pesos will be used to purchase equipment.

The previous operating practices will be continued. In addition, efficiency rates will be maintained.

• Continue using three sweeping machines to provide daily service at the third shift. These will cover a total of 80 km/day. Equipment purchased in previous years will be replaced by the years 2008 and 2013.
• Garbage carts will increase from 76 to 80. This represents a 5% increase within this period, to substitute a total of 80 carts. Four new sweepers will be hired.
• By the end of this phase, 200 km of paved roadways will be swept each day.

The project considers a $1.6 million pesos investment for studies and training during this phase, in addition to $ 2.3 million for equipment. Sweeping machines will be purchased with funds accumulated from the depreciation of existing equipment. This period is characterized by an efficient, quality service.

For this process, the project proposes the primary use of sidewalk collection methods, collection at corners in special areas, and containers at peripheral and difficult access areas. In the short term, residential collection coverage will increase from 68 to 100% with the purchase of equipment and an increased efficiency at all routes, in addition to increased collection truck capacity (5.15 to 5.35 ton/trip).

Significant results may be achieved by redefining routes to optimize collection trips. Preventive and corrective maintenance programs for equipment and infrastructure need to be established. In addition, an equipment and vehicle replacement system is required.

The following are collection actions proposed for the different phases of the project:

The current operating fashion will be redefined to make an efficient use of existing infrastructure, purchase equipment, and start operating at 100% coverage. This will result from redefining collection routes and introducing the service in unserved areas. To achieve these goals, the following investments are proposed:

• Purchase 4 collection vehicles with 15 m³ capacity..
• Rehabilitate 3 existing vehicles.
• Purchase one lift truck and two container washers.
• Purchase 11 size 12 metal containers with 2.7 m³ capacity.
• Rehabilitate 8 containers.

During this period, three 8-hour operating shifts will be used. Sixteen trucks will provide collection services to residential areas. Two of the rehabilitated vehicles will collect wastes from businesses, offices and other special sources (hospitals, jail, schools, etc.)

Additionally, a rehabilitated vehicle will be used to support special services, ensuring thus total collection coverage.

Five sectors with 4 routes will be included to collect containers at some of the peripheral colonias, in addition to containers located at public areas. These sectors will have collection every day (7/7) to address the needs of 10% of the total population.

A supervision program will be used to oversee collection routes and evaluate the collection service performance and punctuality. Times & Movement methods will be implemented. In addition, the project will assess if the assigned capacity corresponds to waste generated at the different areas.

At this phase, training courses for an appropriate use of collection vehicles will be established, in addition to safety and service quality measures. Micro-routing studies will be developed to optimize collection routes. Preventive maintenance programs will be implemented.

A total of 500,000 pesos will be invested at this phase to develop studies and personnel training. 3.2 million pesos will be used to purchase equipment, while equipment rehabilitation will require 450,000 pesos.

Within this period, 17 collection vehicles, one lift trucks and 8 containers will be retired. They will be substituted by a larger number of new units with more capacity.

The number of collection vehicles will show a small increase, from 19 in early 1999 to 20 by the end of a two year period: an 11% increase in installed capacity compared to the previous period.

Existing container lifting equipment will be eliminated by the year 2000, and new units will have to be purchased. Two vehicles and container washers will be maintained throughout the whole period.

The utility will continue and increase the frequency of its training program. New courses will be added for supervisory and administrative personnel.

Maintenance programs will be reinforced, especially preventive maintenance programs. Coordination with suppliers will be encouraged for this purpose.

During this period, $800,000 pesos will be invested to develop studies and train personnel. A total of $9.8 million pesos will be used to purchase equipment, while $115,000 pesos will be spent in equipment rehabilitation.

Service coverage will remain at 100% during this period. The number of containers will grow from 20 at the end of the previous period to 26 by the end of the present phase. This represents a 30% increase. Additionally, 2 ;of the lift trucks will be replaced.

77 containers will be purchased, and 72 will be eliminated. By the end of this period, the utility will have 86 containers and 2 container washers.

Training courses will continue to be offered to personnel, including mechanics.

Preventive maintenance programs will be enhanced, and corrective actions will be emphasized.

During this period, 1.6 million pesos will be invested in the development of studies and personnel training. A total of 16.1 million pesos will be invested in equipment, and 241,000 pesos will be used for equipment rehabilitation.

This period is characterized by an efficient, quality service.

This phase covers the last six years of the planning period. Strategies implemented in previous years must be continued at this stage, since their purpose is to ensure 100% coverage.

31 collection units will be purchased to increase the total from 26 to 32 vehicles. This represents a 23% increase in installed capacity.

26 units will be retired, and two lift trucks will be purchased during this period.

79 containers will be purchased, and 7 will be retired. This will represent a 6% increase compared with the end of the previous period. Two container-washers will be purchased.

Personnel training courses will be permanent, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance programs. Corrective maintenance will be occasional.

During this phase, $1.6 million pesos will be invested for the development of studies and personnel training courses. A total of 420.6 million pesos will be used to purchase equipment, while $14,000 pesos will be invested in rehabilitating equipment.

This strategy proposes activities needed to reduce the amount of waste by promoting waste reduction at sources along a 15-year period.

For this purpose, the composition, physical and chemical characteristics of wastes generated at the different sources will be analyzed to select the most appropriate treatment for each type of waste.

Additionally, wastes with potential for profitable recycling will be identified, and the corresponding market studies will be developed.

Guidelines for the implementation of waste minimization and separation at the source programs for households, businesses and industries, will be established.

The following solid waste treatment actions will be implemented at the different project phases:

No treatment actions have been considered, since the utility will emphasize operating process improvements to increase its efficiency.

Detailed studies will be developed to identify the composition and physical and chemical characteristics of wastes at their source.

An inventory of sources by amount, type and characteristics of waste will be developed.

Potential for waste salvaging will be defined. Marketing studies will be developed. Technical and financial feasibility studies will be prepared to define the most appropriate method: waste salvaging, recycling, reuse, trituration, compacting, composting, separation, etc.

Public awareness campaigns will be designed and implemented to promote waste reduction at households, businesses and industries.

3^rd Phase.- Mid-Term, Treatment

The most technically and financially feasible treatment method(s) will be designed and implemented.

Public awareness campaigns will be reinforced to successfully implement the project. Participation of academic institutions, chambers of commerce, etc., will be promoted.

Assistance from the youth will be sought to promote campaigns and implement programs as a community service.

Selected methods will be periodically evaluated. New options to reduce waste and/or apply treatments will be identified and evaluated.

For final disposal of waste, the project proposes the construction of a sanitary landfill. This method does not cause any nuisance or hazard to public health or safety. Its operation and post-operation phases do not harm the environment. Engineering principles will be used to confine waste to the smallest possible area, and dirt will be applied and compacted to reduce the landfill’s volume. In addition, this method will prevent potential problems caused by liquids and gases produced at the landfill as a result of organic material degradation.

The construction of the landfill has been divided in five phases, with their respective operating process.

The total area will be 42 ha. Of these, 8.4 ha will be used as a buffer zone and 33.6 ha will be used for confinement. The landfill’s lifetime has been estimated at 10.3 years. Approximately 1.7 million tons of waste will be sent to disposal, as shown in Table 3.1.

The proposed site will be divided in five sections, which represent each of the landfill’s construction and operation phases, and have been identified as follows: E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4 and E-5; in addition to the emergency cell. The 2.15 ha emergency cell is currently operating and has an estimated 9-month life cycle. The project has considered including it as an emergency cell; however, since it shows flooding problems, the necessary infrastructure has been designed to remove accumulated water.

Attachment 3 includes construction and operation programs for the Matamoros Sanitary Landfill. Figure 3.5 shows the location of each of the areas.

This phase includes the construction of the first cell (E-1) and conditioning the emergency cell with all equipment needed to pump up accumulated water. Additionally, the project includes the construction of supplementary works.

These actions will reflect a $5.7 million pesos investment in infrastructure, and $8.2 million pesos to purchase equipment to operate the landfill. $250,000 pesos will be spent in training courses. In subsequent phases only $100,000 pesos will be earmarked for this activity.

In the project’s first year, disposal of waste at the E-1 cell will be formally initiated. Its operating cost has been estimated at 5.7 million pesos. These costs include management, operation, financing, supervision and environmental monitoring.

By the end of this year, construction of the second cell (E-2) will be initiated. Its total estimated cost is $3.9 million pesos, and its life cycle will be approximately 2 years. Approximately 377,689 tons of waste will be deposited in this cell, which will be closed by the end of this period.

During the last three months of this phase, construction of the third landfill cell will be initiated. Cost of the third cell will be similar to the second one.

The third cell’s life cycle will end, and two more cells (E-4 and E-5) will be built during this period. By the end of this phase, the last cell will have only one year of operation left.

Investments and operating costs will be similar to those of the other cells.

This phase concludes the operation of the fifth cell and completes the project’s life cycle. As such, the sanitary landfill will be closed, and post-closure activities will be implemented.

The following paragraphs describe activities considered for the sanitary landfill’s planning period.

The first phase of the project and construction of supplementary works have been considered for this phase. Within this period, wastes will be deposited in the existing cell, which will be supplied with pumping equipment. Figure 3.6 shows preparations for the first phase.

Construction of this cell includes:

The area must be cleared by cutting a 0.10 to 0.20 m thick layer of vegetal material on the ground. Aside from cutting natural vegetation, these operations include piling up the material for treatment.

This activity must be developed in phases, starting at the Southeast end, and downstream, going South to North, to prevent the absence of vegetal material from forming quagmires during the rainy season.

Since the region’s groundwater level is very shallow (1.30 to 1.60m), a 0.70 m cut will have to be made, in addition to the 10 cm. used for roughdressing. This activity will be developed in 2-month periods because preparing the whole area at a time is not convenient, since rain may cause the area to flood and/or silt up as a result of landslides or mudslides.

After excavation, the soil must be compacted. This is a mechanical aimed at improving surface resistance, compression and deformation stress characteristics, in such a way that the land performs appropriately since the beginning of the project.

The surface will be compacted to 95% of its maximum dry volumetric weight (MDVW) by adding water as needed to achieve such percentage. The standard Proctor test will be used to determine MDVW.

After compacting, pit or macrocell slopes will be smoothed out, and the cell will be waterproofed with a geomembrane (high-density 1.0-mm polyethylene) that will be anchored in trenches dug at the top and foot of each slope.

The sanitary landfill will be waterproofed by combining materials. According to the geotechnical study, a 30 m. thick quasi-impervious clay material layer is present at the -2m average level (K=1x10^-9 cm/sec.).

Problems associated with rains may be solved by implementing the following recommendations:

• An accessible area specially prepared for this type of season must be available. Preparation will consist of reinforcing the area with either demolition material or hardpan, so vehicles can circulate without getting stuck.
• Due to the muddiness of soil, use of the emergency cell is highly recommended during rainy seasons.
• Continuous maintenance for drainage facilities must be implemented. In addition, structures needed for rainwater and leachate drainage must be built.
• Continuous maintenance to interior access roads, since they are significantly deteriorated during this season.

At least 450 m³ of reserve material should be available for fire prevention. This material will be used to cover a 100 x 15 m, 0.30 thick area.

Permanent fumigation programs will be implemented.

Due to the site’s geographic conditions, the following measures must be considered for its construction and operation:

1. Constantly watch weather reports provided by official media.
2. If a weather phenomenon is approaching, final disposal activities must be postponed. For this purpose, an agreement must be reached with the corresponding authorities to stop collection until further notice.
3. The site must be kept closed and under strict supervision. Vehicles with waste materials should not be allowed to enter the premises. Vehicles may be parked in a waiting area or yard, and waste in vehicles must be covered with tarpaulins.
4. Protection must be provided for facilities such as the scale, power plant, pumping system, biogas collection pits, leachate lagoons, monitoring wells, and other monitoring equipment. For this purpose, anchored tarpaulins or some other type of protection must be used.
5. Apply greater compacting force to confined waste at daytime, passing the caterpillar tractor or waste compactor more than four times during the day.
6. Cover solid waste received during the day and other uncovered waste with a thicker layer (0.60 m is suggested).
7. When the machinery is not in use, it must be moved away from the work area and protected under the shed to prevent breakage and jamming that would require machines to be towed or moved by other means.
8. Burners at the biogas system must be put off to prevent sparkles from landing in flammable material or fuel and causing a fire in adjacent areas.
9. Gather all unconfined materials such as covering and construction material, etc., to prevent them from being blown away and getting lost, and to avoid a reduction in volume.
10. Desilt evaporation lagoons and rainwater drainage canals to prevent obstructions that can cause liquid flooding. Priority must be given to leachate lagoons.
11. It is important to reforest finished slopes as they are covered, to prevent cover material from eroding or washing away, especially when major rains or hurricanes occur.
12. In the administrative area, doors and windows must be protected with plywood or some other type of covering to prevent window breaking and damages to furniture and other objects within the area.
13. Maintain only a 10 people squad and a resident in the area to assist with prevention activities.

To ensure that groundwater is free from leachate contamination, the project considers installing two monitoring wells.

A biogas emission sampling program will be established to determine its composition, flow and potential for explosion.

Air at the work area will be sampled to determine the concentration of total suspended particles and viable particles.

A layer of vegetal soil will be applied to prevent surface sliding and erosion.

Weather conditions will be monitored by checking records from the meteorological station closest to the landfill, and the National Meteorological Service. These parameters will be checked daily during the operation period, and weekly when the project’s lifetime is completed.

Since the main access road is a dirt road, the project proposes irrigation with treated wastewater.

Entrance of vehicles and individuals will be controlled. Vehicles transporting hazardous waste will be prevented from entering the facility.

The person in charge of the work site will indicate places where collection or other vehicles must unload. Drivers must be guided by attendants when moving and parking vehicles. Attendants will be strategically distributed throughout the work site.

Considering vehicle types and unloading time, two sections will be used for unloading activities: one for slow-unload and the other for quick-unload vehicles.

The sanitary landfill must have a traffic control system and safety and hygiene signs to facilitate operations and prevent accidents. Signs must be placed so as to be visible at distance.

The site will be restored after the solid waste management facility is closed. Restoration will include activities aimed at supervising conditions related to the landfill’s closure.

The operation of the sanitary landfill as an integral part of the solid waste management system poses a series of economic and social challenges that include the development of timely, adequate and inexpensive management, control and coverage activities to control waste generated in Matamoros every day.

To operate the Matamoros sanitary landfill, the project considers:

Considerations for operation of the daily cell are:

• Volumetric weight must be 0.85 ton / m³.
• Number of vehicles at peak time will be 10.
• Cell height must be 3 m.
• The daily cell must have a truncated cone shape with a 3:1 slope
• Thickness of the covering material layer must be 0.20 m.
• Maximum unloading time will be 10 minutes.

The cover material will be taken from the same area during the first three phases. The fifth phase will require material imported from banks. The project suggests the use of material extracted from La Palangana Lagoon or other similar sources.

Volume requirements for the sanitary landfill were based on waste generation projections and defined volumetric weights. Quality assurance requires the implementation of permanent monitoring of the site’s topography.

Table 3.2 shows an estimation of required volume and landfill’s lifecycle.

From the above calculations, it can be observed that the site has a 10.33 years lifecycle and enough capacity to receive 1,856,686 tons of waste.

Liquids will be conveyed to the evaporation lagoon. For this purpose, PVC parallel piping will be laid on the excavation. The system will work with gravity to convey liquids to a lift station that will pump them to the evaporation lagoon, where the corresponding screening may be performed for characterization.

Impermeabilization will be applied to the base and walls of the leachate lagoon. For this purpose, high-density polyethylene geomembrane will be anchored to the surface of a peripheral trench.

Passive systems will be used. Wells will be approximately 100 m. apart. As such, it has been determined that the number of wells required for the area is 40. Five wells will be installed during the 1^st and 2^nd phases, and 5 wells will be installed during the 3^rd and 5^th phases. To prevent air pollution, final disposal of gas will be made using a gas burner.

A septic tank will be available in the back of the administrative area. This structure will house an anaerobic treatment system. Treated water will be conveyed to the east for irrigation of green areas at the buffer zone.

For closure at the end of the planning period, the following elements will be considered:

• Final seal
• Vegetal layer
• Forestation

The goal of this phase is to maintain and control physical conditions to obtain a stable area that can be used for a specific purpose. As such, the project includes the implementation of the following components:

- Maintenance and Control Program for:

• Drainage
• Erosion
• Final cover
• Roads
• Green areas
• Facilities

- Emergency Response Plan

- Training for maintenance personnel

- Monitoring programs for:

• Surface water
• Ground water
• Biogas
• Leachates

In 1997, the public sanitation utility budget was $9.4 million pesos, 49% of which was spent on payment of wages, and 35% was used to pay for fuel, materials, and services. Table 4.1 presents expenditures for the 1993-1997 period –current values--.

For comparison purposes, the above table was updated using January 1998 prices. Numbers were modified using monthly averages and comparing the baseline year to January 1998. Data was obtained from the Indice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor [National Consumer Price Index] published by the Bank of Mexico. The following are annual inflation rates for each period: 1993:8.01%; 1994:7.05%; 1995:51.97%; 1996:27.7%; 1997:15.72%; January, 1998:2.17%-.

As such, it can be determined that during the 1993-1997 period, Matamoros earmarked over 57 million pesos (historical number accumulated at constant values) from its budget for solid waste management. The last two years have seen a budget reduction (Table 4.2)

* Numbers updated to January 1998, based on the National Consumer Price Index published by the Bank of Mexico,

The collection process takes up 80% of all the utility’s income, while final disposal process expenditures are only 2% of the total income. This can be explained by the fact that an open dumpsite was used at the time (Figure 4.1).

The city of Matamoros has undertaken various actions aimed at increasing the collection system’s efficiency and disposing of waste in a sanitary manner. Proposed actions attempt to solve problems in a comprehensive manner. As such, investments need to be made in equipment, infrastructure and personnel training areas.

The total amount to be invested for the 4 project phases is $142,798,700.00 pesos, at July 1998 prices, including Value Added Tax.

Based on studies developed, the project proposes a $21,194,500.00 initial investment (1^st Phase: 1998) –VAT not included--. The amount will be distributed as shown in Table 4.3.

Four 20 yd³, eleven 2.7 m³, two container washers and one lift truck will be purchased to enhance the collection service. Investments for general equipment relate to computers and radio communication equipment. The first will be used to support the utility’s commercial operation, and the latter for supervision activities.

Studies for the project’s first phase constitute 14% of the total amount. A breakdown of costs is presented in Table 4.4.

The project proposes decentralizing the utility to create the necessary conditions to implement a marketing system and train personnel. A list of waste generating sources will be developed to achieve an efficient fee collection system. It has been estimated that this Organizational Development process will take 6 months, assuming the suggestion that the process be initiated at least 3 months before the project start-up date is observed.

Table 4.5 presents the Schedule of Events.

Table 4.6 shows final disposal infrastructure and equipment investments required for Phase I.

Studies, training, equipment and infrastructure are being considered for the project’s planning period. These will be funded by internal cash flow. Table 4.7 shows a summary of investments for the project’s last three phases (See Table c, Attachment 4).

The total amount to be invested for the 4 project phases is $142,798,700.00 pesos, at July 1998 prices (Value Added Tax not included).

Funds for Phase I investments will be obtained from a $8,954,500.00 pesos NADB loan (42% of investments), and assistance in the amount of $2,350,000 (11%) from the Institutional Development Program (IDP). These numbers will be subject to NADB analysis, based on eligible activities. SEDESOL will contribute 3.6 million pesos –the total amount will be used for building the Sanitary Landfill--. The BECC provided the final design cost ($650,000), and the remaining investment will be paid up by the City (Table 4.8).

To date, construction of the sanitary landfill’s Phase I has been funded as follows: The City provided $1,135,722 pesos and land with an estimated $722,500 pesos commercial value –40 he. Area--. In addition, $1,703,600 in grants has been provided by SEDESOL. These line items are part of the project’s financial structure shown in the above table.

As such, funds and funding sources for the project’s Phase I are presented in Tables 4.9, 4.10, and 4.11, based on the importance of investment amounts: